มะระขี้นก

เขียนโดย Joe Kantithad

มะระขี้นก (Momordica charantia L.) เป็นสมุนไพรที่ใช้กันมานานนับพันปี ในเอเซีย อาฟริกา และละตินอเมริกา อายุรเวทใช้ผลมะระรักษาเบาหวาน โรคตับ บรรเทาอาการโรคเก๊าต์และข้ออักเสบ ตำรายาไทยใช้ใบมะระในตำรับยาเขียวลดไข้ รากในตำรับยาแก้โลหิตเป็นพิษ และโรคตับ

งานวิจัยสมุนไพรมะระได้ดำเนินอย่างต่อเนื่องมาตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1962 ซึ่ง Lotlika และ Rao ได้ค้นพบชาแรนตินในผลมะระ ที่แสดงฤทธิ์ลดน้ำตาลในเลือดของสัตว์ทดลอง ในปี 1965 Sucrow ได้พิสูจน์โครงสร้างเคมีของชาแรนติน พบว่าเป็นสารผสมของ sitosteryl- และ 5,25-stigmastadien-3-beta-ol-D-glucosides ในอัตราส่วน 1:1 ปี 1977 Baldwa และคณะ ได้แยกสารคล้ายอินซูลินจากผลมะระและมีฤทธิ์ลดน้ำตาล ในปี 1981 Khana และคณะได้พิสูจน์โครงสร้างของสารคล้ายอินซูลิน พบว่าเป็นโพลีเปปไทด์ที่มีน้ำหนักโมเลกุล 11,000 ดาลตัน และมีกรดอะมิโน 166 residues เรียกสารนี้ว่า โพลีเปปไทด์ พี สารขมกลุ่มคิวเคอร์บิตาซินซึ่งเป็น

BCBGMAXAZRIA black combo abstract print mesh 'Winnie' strapless cocktail dress BCBGMAXAZRIA taupe sateen piped crisscross 'Rivas' dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz ivory sequined and beaded woven strapless dress Jay Godfrey black and royal blue silk colorblock 'Bautista' tank dress Jay Godfrey navy silk 'Alfran' cascade strapless dress Badgley Mischka navy sequined ruched short sleeve party dress Halston Heritage acid green and rust printed plissA drape front sheath dress Nicole Miller amethyst textured jersey knit ruched sleeveless dress Wyatt black stretch jersey sleeveless snap back dress Wyatt blush lace scalloped v-neck sleeveless dress Robert Rodriguez violet scooped neck colorblock dress Phoebe Couture black jersey knit and printed skirt blouson dress Kay Unger gold metallic beaded applique cap sleeve v-neck dress Monique Lhuillier yellow and black printed silk pleated bead embellished dress Marc by Marc Jacobs chocolate melange wool v-neck bow waist dress Marc by Marc Jacobs taupe, brown, and yellow ivy print silk-blend woven shimmer dress Marc by Marc Jacobs indigo printed silk 'Gaia' sleeveless dress Joie caviar silk chiffon beaded 'Sheena' tank dress Laundry by Shelli Segal sugar plum jersey beaded ring strapless dress Laundry by Shelli Segal champagne shimmer jersey knit beaded shoulder dress Hugo Boss red and white cotton gingham dress shirt Hugo Boss medium blue thin stripe cotton contrast cuff long sleeve spread collar dress shirt Hugo Boss Hugo Boss navy plaid stretch cotton spread collar dress shirt Salvatore Ferragamo white and blue gancio print cotton dress shirt Tadashi Shoji black floral lace and mesh overlaid tank dress Prada tobacco oval print cotton dress shirt Prada light blue check point collar dress shirt Prada medium blue cotton spread collar dress shirt Prada blue mini dot print cotton dress shirt Prada light blue mini square button front dress shirt Prada light blue oval print cotton dress shirt Prada light blue cotton blend spread collar dress shirt Prada blue and white four dot print cotton dress shirt Prada light blue pinstripe umbrella print cotton dress shirt Prada sky stretch cotton point collar dress shirt Prada navy and red dot point collar dress shirt Prada red and blue dot print cotton dress shirt Prada sky blue stretch poplin dress shirt Prada sky blue cotton point collar dress shirt Prada cielo stretch cotton spread collar dress shirt BCBGMAXAZRIA black and white stretch 'Fancy Leopard' sleeveless v-neck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA seafoam stretch jersey 'Zariah' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA royal blue colorblock pleated netting 'Kira' one shoulder party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black ruched and gathered deep v-neck 'Nevis' stretch jersey knit dress BCBGMAXAZRIA dusty rose banded 'Eden' one shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA oatmeal jersey knit shirred ruffle trimmed 'Hada' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA sangria silk zip side 'Sevrat' draped neck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA misty morning banded one shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA begonia sateen 'Palais' one shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA red berry cotton and lace strapless sweetheart 'Roselle' bustier dress BCBGMAXAZRIA lavender mist print ruched 'Winnie' cocktail dress BCBGMAXAZRIA stone knit geometric sequined 'Vallissa' sleeveless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black pleated silk belted strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA ink blue and navy printed knit 'Hailey' sleeveless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA regal blue ruched and gathered deep v-neck 'Nevis' stretch jersey knit dress BCBGMAXAZRIA dark orchid 'Jorie' pleated strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and nude lace strectured bodice 'Lila' cocktail dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black stretch ruched and ruffle trim 'Tatjana' asymmetrical zip dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black sateen woven one shoulder party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA tangerine stretch lace 'Francesca' chiffon tiered dress BCBGMAXAZRIA gold tulle 'Laylan' sequin strapless party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA ink sequin embellished knit 'Nadine' tank dress BCBGMAXAZRIA begonia pleated 'Versa' one shoulder party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black animal print lace ruched 'Renee' tank dress BCBGMAXAZRIA camel stretch wool blend 'Shay' three quarter sleeve sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA azalea ikat striped stretch jersey 3/4 sleeve wrap dress BCBGMAXAZRIA currant and navy printed silk-cotton long sleeve dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and grey abstract leopard print faux wrap 'Sidney' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA heather grey ruched and gathered 'Timona' stretch jersey knit dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and white striped jersey knit long sleeve 'Rigby' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA larkspur blue print jersey 'Adele' wrap dress BCBGMAXAZRIA port cotton blend ruched sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA gravel wool 'Sandra Godget' faux wrap dress BCBGMAXAZRIA deep jade jersey 'Mikaela' draped skirt dress BCBGMAXAZRIA ballet slipper semi-sheer stretch wool cowl neck ruffle tiered 'Miriam' sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and pink printed stretch jersey knit belted dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black cotton blend ruched sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA navy stretch 'Nadia' asymmetrical sleeveless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black, white and hot pink patterned 'Elouise' sheath dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black sateen 'Moore' strapless cocktail dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black one shoulder pleated ruffle dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black micro pleated mesh 'Sven' v-neck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA light pearl crepe 'Audrey' one shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA pine stretch wool blend 'Shay' long sleeve sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA sunflower stretch cotton lace 'Arlena' one shoulder party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA mocha stretch poplin ruffle detail belted dress BCBGMAXAZRIA emerald jersey 'Yulia' cowl neck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA grey rose printed accordion pleated ruffled 'Riley' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black chevron sequined stretch ponte 'Emma' party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and gravel striped long sleeved 'Faye' stretch knit sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black crepe chiffon detailed neckline 'Angeline' drawstring dress BCBGMAXAZRIA green, teal and black lace patterned one shoulder 'Leia' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA larkspur blue one shoulder pleated ruffle dress BCBGMAXAZRIA brown sugar stretch jersey sequined 'Lehana' party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA biscuit striped center 'Reesie' strapless party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black zippered kangaroo pocket 'thera' sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA ash wool cowl neck 'Shiela' flare dress BCBGMAXAZRIA grey, mauve and blue bordeaux printed silk 'Amalia' v-neck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA dark ink organza rosette detail strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA royal blue sateen 'Palais' one shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black foiled plissA chiffon 'Zariah' sleeveless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA coral reef satin and mesh 'Lillie' bodycon dress BCBGMAXAZRIA blue and green opal ikat striped stretch jersey 3/4 sleeve belted dress BCBGMAXAZRIA navy striped stretch knit 'Kendall' crewneck dress BCBGMAXAZRIA coral stetch knit 'Madisyn' 3/4 sleeve dress BCBGMAXAZRIA azalea jersey knit pleated short sleeve 'Riley' t-shirt dress BCBGMAXAZRIA azalea sequined cotton lace 'Katarina' v-neck party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA taupe basket weave mesh 'Malinda' cocktail dress BCBGMAXAZRIA cobalt cotton blend cable knit cowl neck 'Averie' dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black combo stretch 'Kalen' striped strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black 'Kellen' suede-finish contrast panel jersey shift dress BCBGMAXAZRIA rio red chiffon asymmetrical 'Somara' one-shoulder dress BCBGMAXAZRIA brown ash stretch cotton blend cowl neck ruched sweater dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black combo stretch 'Alyssa' tribal print strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA peridot and black cotton blend lace 'Etna' peplum sleeveless party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA new red woven 'Iselin' pleated dress BCBGMAXAZRIA black and nude stretch layered chantilly lace 'Janna' strapless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA royal blue sateen woven one shoulder party dress BCBGMAXAZRIA block print floral silk faux wrap dress BCBGMAXAZRIA cherry seamed tulip petal ruffled 'Marte' sleeveless dress BCBGMAXAZRIA firetruck crepe seam detailed 'Evelyn' sheath dress Rebecca Taylor azure and white printed silk ruffle trimmed v-neck dress Rebecca Taylor white coral and grey semi-sheer stretch silk ruffled 'Misty Garden' tunic dress Rebecca Taylor black and white tweed lambskin trimmed cap sleeve dress Rebecca Taylor atlantic blue pleated silk woven strapless dress Rebecca Taylor persimmon chiffon pleated cap sleeve 'Easy' flare dress Rebecca Taylor buff python print stretch silk zip front trapeze dress Rebecca Taylor black shimmer sequin ultra-lightweight sweater knit evening dress Rebecca Taylor black chiffon pleated cap sleeve 'Easy' flare dress Rebecca Taylor heather grey linen blend drop waist racerback dress Rebecca Taylor emerald sateen woven scalloped ruffle one shoulder dress Rebecca Taylor bordeaux and black colorblocked ponte sweetheart cap sleeve dress Rebecca Taylor gold and tan sequin embellished belted strapless dress Rebecca Taylor paprika jersey knit bustier 'Take Me Out' strapless dress Rebecca Taylor sandstone stretch woven satin trimmed bustier dress Autumn Cashmere blue, hemp beige, and red flamed stitched cotton knit racerback maxi dress Autumn Cashmere black cashmere crochet bustier sleeveless dress Autumn Cashmere black cashmere long sleeve flared sweater dress Autumn Cashmere navy and teal cashmere sequined bodycon sweater dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz navy and green 'Blue Lagoon' shimmer jacquard straples party dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz metallic gold and nude stretch lace three quarter sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz champagne lace crewneck cap sleeve flounce dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz violet silk chiffon sleeveless bubble dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black stretch jersey studded sleeveless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz midnight blue sateen rosette shoulder open back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz ivory lace strapless party dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz citron one shoulder rosette open back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz cobalt sequin scoop back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black lace crewneck cap sleeve flounce dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz gold stretch sequin embellished halter dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz cadet blue ribbed cotton blend lace panel peplum dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz hot pink and navy chiffon colorblocked sleeveless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz coral ponte cap sleeve boat neck seamed dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black stretch knit leather trimmed cap sleeve fit and flare dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz bold floral print crew neck jersey mini dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz strawberry neoprene v-neck sleeveless flared dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black and nude stretch knit lace detail cap sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz jade green lace overlay sheer neckline stretch knit dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz peach and cream lace scalloped hem sleeveless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz ivory lace padded cap sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black lace pleated bow front strapless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black ponte knit cap sleeve and faux leather dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz ivory and black lace one shoulder mini dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz navy cotton blend lace three-quarter sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz watermelon cap sleeve sequin cutout back party dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz carnation silk chiffon sheer back sweetheart bustier dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz fuschia lace overlay pocketed sleeveless linen dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz red sleeveless polka dot and heart print day dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz brick red mix print sleeveless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black and ivory striped sleeveless v-neck dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz red cotton blend lace short sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz dark purple silk orgnanza strapless shirred waist bubble dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz fuschia textured cap sleeve box pleated a-line dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz cobalt lace leather trimmed drop waist pleated dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black and gold shimmer floral jacquard bustled strapless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz latte metallic sequined rose strapless dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz vintage vanilla sateen rosette shoulder open back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz jade sateen rosette shoulder open back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz navy floral lace cap sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black cotton blend lace short sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz charcoal sateen jacquard strapless peplum dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black pleated satin strapless peplum dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black and ivory lace sheer yoke long sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black and silver sequined sleeveless u-back dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz violet and sage chiffon colorblocked high-low dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz deep teal stretch knit leather trimmed cap sleeve fit and flare dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz dark teal pleated satin strapless peplum dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz red and pink floral jacquard belted v-neck fit and flare dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black textured floral butnout ruffled side strapless cocktail dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz garnet stretch lace cap sleeve dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz black v-neck padded shoulder stretch jersey dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz charcoal and taupe aztec printed sleeveless sheath dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz white and black lace printed cap sleeve fit and flare dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz coral and fuchsia ponte sleeveless seamed studded dress A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz teal green ponte sleeveless peplum leather trim dress Rebecca Minkoff white and navy cotton lace overlay 'Saturday' tank dress Rebecca Minkoff indigo stripe and paisley print 'Joshua' knotted racerback dress Rebecca Minkoff white and navy cotton lace overlay 'Elvi' dress Rebecca Minkoff coral and cerulean silk colorblocked 'Claudia' bustier dress Rebecca Minkoff blue and pink watercolor printed silk chiffon 'Gertz' dress Rebecca Minkoff navy and white stripe linen blend 'Thea' button tank dress Rebecca Minkoff lilac and black rose printed silk-cotton 'Clara' bustier dress Rebecca Minkoff spearmint crepe v-neck zip front pleated 'Jacquie' dress Rebecca Minkoff burnt orange floral chiffon 'Yuko' tiered dress Steve Madden neon orange and pink printed high low coverup dress Jay Godfrey teal and black 'Hewitt' cap sleeve dress Jay Godfrey berry silk 'Alfran' cascade strapless dress Jay Godfrey violet silk blend ruched 'Whitehall' tank dress Jay Godfrey cerulean and black silk colorblock cap sleeve dress Jay Godfrey cerulean and black silk blend colorblock sleeveless dress Jay Godfrey oxblood and emerald colorblcok 'Tomassino' tank dress Jay Godfrey verdigris and navy silk colorblock racerback maxi dress Jay Godfrey black and white silk blend colorblock sleeveless dress Jay Godfrey pale pink and white silk blend colorblock cutout neck dress Jay Godfrey charcoal and blush crApe de chine cowl back fitted dress Jay Godfrey flame jersey knit shired chiffon trimmed tank dress Jay Godfrey cobalt silk blend 'Bruno' low v-neck ruched dress Jay Godfrey blue silk cutout halter dress Jay Godfrey deep blue and black silk blend lace trimmed tank dress Jay Godfrey green and pink printed shirred blouson 'Baillie' tank dress Jay Godfrey navy and lime colorblock stretch jersey 'Escobar' ruched dress Jay Godfrey camel and black silk colorblocked layered sleeveless dress Elie Tahari tea berry stretch knit 'Gia' pleated front shift dress Elie Tahari ocean depths and navy colorblock 'Makiko' sleeveless dress Elie Tahari peach freeze and painted 'Layla' neon trim short sleeve dress Elie Tahari sweet blue cotton blend 'Holly' sleeveless dress Elie Tahari ocean depths ponte knit 'Gia' boatneck dress Elie Tahari black 'Callie' sleeveless shift dress Elie Tahari painted lady 'Robin' sleeveless dress Elie Tahari navy shimmer patterned sleeveless boat neck 'Holly' dress Elie Tahari liberty green and ocean silk chiffon 'Vanessa' dress Elie Tahari navy and black colorblocked 'Margot' sheath dress Elie Tahari ocean depths seam detail 'Callie' sleeveless dress Alexander McQueen olive knit v-neck sleeveless dress Alexander McQueen purple marble print jersey pleated tank dress Alexander McQueen pink jersey pleated v-neck dress Alexander McQueen black sheer draped woven bead and rhinestone open back dress Prada navy wool blended flat front straight leg dress pants Prada black wool blended flat front straight leg dress pants Calvin Klein blue printed jersey split sleeve dress Calvin Klein atlantis stretch ruffle side cap sleeve dress Calvin Klein charcoal knit sleeveless v-neck dress Calvin Klein khaki knit ruffle side sleeveless dress Calvin Klein red stretch ruffle side cap sleeve dress Calvin Klein grey sleeveless ruffle front v-neck dress Ellen Tracy black stretch knit tie waist a-line fit and flare dress Ellen Tracy black woven faux leather trimmed dress Aidan Mattox white and black silk sequined floral pattern sleeveless party dress Aidan Mattox white and black beaded stripe patterned handkerchief hem party dress Aidan Mattox grape beaded silk cutout straps cocktail dress Aidan Mattox royal blue shimmer crystal-embellished draped open back evening dress Aidan Mattox ivory and bronze sequined skirt asymmetrical cold shoulder cocktail dress Aidan Mattox black sequined stretch lace 3/4 sleeve embellished dress Aidan Mattox neptune poly chiffron one shoulder cocktail dress Aidan Mattox navy lace seamed sweetheart sleeveless stretch ponte dress Aidan Mattox black silk chiffon lace sleeveless cocktail dress Aidan Mattox black silver and red crepe colorblock stretch dress Aidan Mattox black lace and textured floral sleeveless sheath dress Aidan Mattox black sequined stretch lace 3/4 sleeve party dress Aidan Mattox raspberry silk chiffon one-shoulder embellished dress Aidan Mattox black illusion one-shoulder embellished stretch knit jersey dress Red Valentino black wool rib knit v-neck dress Red Valentino black pailette and sequin sleeveless party dress Red Valentino yellow tweed chain and frayed detail dress Bailey 44 hot pink black and white striped scoop neck sushi dress Bailey 44 teal stretch jersey wrap front dress Bailey 44 pink stretch jersey wrap front dress Bailey 44 black jersey and lace sleeveless mini dress Alexander Wang black cap sleeved zippered stretch ponte dress Alexander Wang black satin and shirred jersey knit v-neck sleeveless dress Alexander Wang bl

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